लट्लकार (laTlakaara) represents verb-forms in present tense (वर्तमानकाल / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming
a sentence which is in present tense, the verb (क्रिया / kriaa) has to be in लट्लकार (laTlakaara).
The complete लट्लकार / laTlakaara of पठ् / paTh (read) and गम् / gam (go) धातु / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in वर्तमानकाल (vartamaanakaala) or present tense.
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमपुरुष एकवचन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana)
and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (मध्यमपुरुष वहुवचन / madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana).
We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is युस्मद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of second person the
kartaa is always युस्मद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्तमपुरुष एकवचन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्तमपुरुष वहुवचन / uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).
As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has three different numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly. The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using लट्लकार / laTlakaara are given. You will know about many more
nouns (शब्द / shabda) and verbs (धातु / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study लृट्लकार (lRRiTlakaara) or future tense.
The complete लट्लकार / laTlakaara of पठ् / paTh (read) and गम् / gam (go) धातु / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in वर्तमानकाल (vartamaanakaala) or present tense.
| आङ्ग्लभाषा / English | संस्कृत / Sanskrit | Subject शब्द / shabda |
Verb धातु / dhaatu |
Comments |
| Present Tense - Third Person Singular वर्तमानकाल प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana |
||||
| 1. The boy is reading. | बालकः पठति baalakaH paThati |
बालक baalaka |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 2. The girl is reading. | वालिका पठति vaalikaa paThati |
वालिका vaalikaa |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 3. Rama is reading. | रामः पठति raamaH paThati |
राम raama |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 4. Sita is reading. | सीता पठति siitaa paThati |
सीता siitaa |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 5. The boy is going. | बालकः गह्छति baalakaH gachchhati |
बालक baalaka |
गम् gam |
- |
| 6. The girl is going. | वालिका गह्छति vaalikaa gachchhati |
वालिका vaalikaa |
गम् gam |
- |
| Present Tense - Third Person Plural वर्तमानकाल प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha vahuvachana |
||||
| 7. The boys are reading. | बालकाः पठन्ति baalakaaH paThanti |
बालक baalaka |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 8. The girls are reading. | वालिकाः पठन्ति vaalikaaH paThati |
वालिका vaalikaa |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 9. Students are reading. | च्छात्राः पठन्ति chchhaatraaH paThati |
च्छात्र chchhaatra |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 10. Clearks are reading. | लिपिकाराः पठन्ति lipikaaraaH paThanti |
लिपिकार lipikaara |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 11. The boys are going. | बालकाः गच्छन्ति baalakaaH gachchhanti |
बालक baalaka |
गम् gam |
- |
| 12. The girls are going. | वालिकाः गच्छन्ति vaalikaaH gachchhanti |
वालिका vaalikaa |
गम् gam |
- |
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject (कर्ता / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
As the verb always follows the number and peson, the verb (पठति / paThati) is also in 3rd person
singular (प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (कर्ता / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana). Similarly the verb (पठन्ति / paThanti) is also in प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana of verb पठ् (paTh).
One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verb-form in use. Only the number and person are followed by verb. In case sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are in musculine (पुङ्लिन्ग / puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the Subject are in feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग / striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb depends upon the gender.
All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमपुरुष / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमपुरुष / madhyamapuruSha) and first person (उत्तमपुरुष / uttamapuruSha).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (कर्ता / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana). Similarly the verb (पठन्ति / paThanti) is also in प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana of verb पठ् (paTh).
One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not affect the verb-form in use. Only the number and person are followed by verb. In case sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are in musculine (पुङ्लिन्ग / puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the Subject are in feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग / striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb depends upon the gender.
All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमपुरुष / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमपुरुष / madhyamapuruSha) and first person (उत्तमपुरुष / uttamapuruSha).
| आङ्ग्लभाषा / English | संस्कृत / Sanskrit | Subject शब्द / shabda |
Verb धातु / dhaatu |
Comments |
| Present Tense - Second Person Singular वर्तमानकाल मध्यमपुरुष/ एकवचन / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana |
||||
| 13. You are going. | त्वं गच्छसि tva.n gachchhasi |
युस्मद् yusmad |
गम् gam |
- |
| 14. You are reading. | त्वं पठसि tva.n paThasi |
युस्मद् yusmad |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| Present Tense - First Person Singular वर्तमानकाल उत्तमपुरुष एकवचन / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana |
||||
| 15. I am going. | अहं गच्छामि aha.n gachchhaami |
अस्मद् asmad |
गम् gam |
- |
| 16. I am reading. | अहं पठामि aha.n paThaami |
अस्मद् asmad |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| Present Tense - Second Person Plural वर्तमानकाल मध्यमपुरुष वहुवचन / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana |
||||
| 17. You all are going. | युयं गच्छथ yua.n gachchhatha |
युस्मद् yusmad |
गम् gam |
- |
| 18. You all are reading. | युयं पठथ yua.n paThatha |
युस्मद् yusmad |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| Present Tense - First Person Plural वर्तमानकाल उत्तमपुरुष वहुवचन / vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha vahuvachana |
||||
| 19. We all are going. | वयं गच्छामः vaya.n gachchhaamaH |
अस्मद् asmad |
गम् gam |
- |
| 20. We all are reading. | वयं पठामः yua.n paThaamaH |
अस्मद् asmad |
पठ् paTh |
- |
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्तमपुरुष एकवचन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्तमपुरुष वहुवचन / uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).
As we know unlike English or any other language, Sanskrit language has three different numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly. The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
| आङ्ग्लभाषा / English | संस्कृत / Sanskrit | Subject शब्द / shabda |
Verb धातु / dhaatu |
Comments |
| Present Tense - Dual वर्तमानकाल द्विवचन / vartamaanakaala dvivachana |
||||
| 21. Two boys are reading. | बालकौ पठतः baalakau paThataH |
बालक baalaka |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 22. Two girls are reading. | वालिके पठतः vaalike paThataH |
वालिका vaalikaa |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 23. Two boys are going. | बालकौ गच्छतः baalakau gachchhataH |
बालक baalaka |
गम् gam |
- |
| 24. Two girls are going. | वालिके गच्छतः vaalike gachchhataH |
वालिका vaalikaa |
गम् gam |
- |
| 25. Two students are reading. | च्छात्रौ पठतः chchhatrau paThataH |
च्छात्र chchhaatra |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 26. Two clearks are reading. | लिपिकारौ पठतः lipikaarau paThataH |
लिपिकार lipikaara |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 27. Both of you are going. | युवां गच्छथः yuvaa.n gachchhathaH |
युस्मद् yusmad |
गम् gam |
- |
| 28. Both of you are reading. | युवां पठथः yuvaa.n paThathaH |
युस्मद् yusmad |
पठ् paTh |
- |
| 29. Both of us are going. | आवां गच्छावः aavaa.n gachchhaavaH |
अस्मद् asmad |
गम् gam |
- |
| 30. Both of us are reading. | आवां पठावः aavaa.n paThaavaH |
अस्मद् asmad |
पठ् paTh |
- |
In the next chapter we will study लृट्लकार (lRRiTlakaara) or future tense.
|
Read / पठ् / paTh : लट्लकार / laTlakaara (Present tense / वर्तमानकाल / vartamaanakaala) |
|||
| Person / पुरुष / puruSha | Number / वचन / vachana | ||
| Singular एकवचन / ekavachana |
Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana |
Plural वहुवचन / vahuvachana |
|
| Third प्रथम / prathama |
पठति / paThati | पठतः / paThataH | पठन्ति / paThanti |
| Second मध्यम / madhyama |
पठसि / paThasi | पठथः / paThathaH | पठथ / paThatha |
| First उत्तम / uttama |
पठामि / paThaami | पठावः / paThaavaH | पठामः / paThaamaH |
|
Go / गम् / gam : लट्लकार / laTlakaara (Present tense / वर्तमानकाल / vartamaanakaala) |
|||
| Person / पुरुष / puruSha | Number / वचन / vachana | ||
| Singular एकवचन / ekavachana |
Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana |
Plural वहुवचन / vahuvachana |
|
| Third प्रथम / prathama |
गच्छति / gachchhati | गच्छतः / gachchhataH | गच्छन्ति / gachchhanti |
| Second मध्यम / madhyama |
गच्छसि / gachchhasi | गच्छथः / gachchhathaH | गच्छथ / gachchhatha |
| First उत्तम / uttama |
गच्छामि / gachchhaami | गच्छावः / gachchhaavaH | गच्छामः / gachchhaamaH |
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