We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered
in chapter 7 and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8.
Study the following statements.
These are all examples of Active Voice or कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya).
Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or कर्म (karma) in them. So these are intransitive or अकर्म कर्तृवाच्य (akarmaka kartRRivachya).
Rule 5: In a कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or कर्ता (kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or प्रथमा विभक्ति (prathamaa vibhakti).
Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or कर्म (karma) like विद्यालयम् (vidyaalayam), पुस्तकम् (pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or सकर्मक कर्तृवाच्य (sakarmaka kartRRivachya).
Rule 6: In a कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or कर्म (karma) is always in the "accusative case" or द्वितीया विभक्ति (dvitiiyaa vibhakti).
Study the following statements.
| आङ्ग्लभाषा / English | संस्कृत / Sanskrit | Subject (कर्ता / kartaa) |
Verb (क्रिया / kriyaa) |
Object (कर्म / karma) |
| 1. the boy is going | बालः गच्छति baalaH gachchhati |
the boy बालः / baalaH |
going गच्छति / gachchhati |
- |
| 2. i am going | अहं गच्छामि aha.n gachchhami |
i am अहं / aha.n |
going गच्छामि / gachchhami |
- |
| 3. the boy is reading | बालः पठति baalaH pathati |
the boy बालः / baalaH |
reading पठति / pathati |
- |
| 4. i am reading | अहं पठामि aha.n pathaami |
i am अहं / aha.n |
reading पठामि / pathaami |
- |
| 5. the boy is going to school | बालः विद्यालयम् गच्छति baalaH vidyaalayam gachchhati |
the boy बालः / baalaH |
going गच्छति / gachchhati |
to school विद्यालयम् / vidyaalayam |
| 6. i am going to school | अहं विद्यालम् गच्छामि aha.n vidyaalayam gachchhami |
i am अहं / aha.n |
going गच्छामि / gachchhami |
to school विद्यालयम् / vidyaalayam |
| 7. the boy is reading the book | बालकः पुस्तकम् पठति baalakaH pustakam paThati |
the boy बालकः / baalakaH |
reading पठति / pathati |
the book पुस्तकम् / pustakam |
| 8. i am reading the book | अहं पुस्तकम् पठामि aha.n pustakam paThaami |
i am अहं / aha.n |
reading पठामि / pathaami |
the book पुस्तकम् / pustakam |
These are all examples of Active Voice or कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya).
Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or कर्म (karma) in them. So these are intransitive or अकर्म कर्तृवाच्य (akarmaka kartRRivachya).
Rule 5: In a कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or कर्ता (kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or प्रथमा विभक्ति (prathamaa vibhakti).
Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or कर्म (karma) like विद्यालयम् (vidyaalayam), पुस्तकम् (pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or सकर्मक कर्तृवाच्य (sakarmaka kartRRivachya).
Rule 6: In a कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or कर्म (karma) is always in the "accusative case" or द्वितीया विभक्ति (dvitiiyaa vibhakti).
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