In previous post, we studied about future tense. In this chapter we
will study about past tense. लङ्लकार (laN^lakaara) verb-forms represent
the past tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in past tense
we need to use verbd-forms from लङ्लकार (laN^lakaara).
The complete लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara of पठ् / paTh (read) and गम् / gam (go) धातु / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in भुतकाल (bhutakaala) or past tense.
In
setences 1 to 6, the Subject (कर्ता / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular
(प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb (पठति / paThati) is also in 3rd
person singular (प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (कर्ता / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana). Similarly the verb (पठन्ति / paThanti) is also in प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana of verb पठ् (paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमपुरुष / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमपुरुष / madhyamapuruSha) and first person (उत्तमपुरुष / uttamapuruSha).
In
sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular
(मध्यमपुरुष एकवचन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18
the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (मध्यमपुरुष वहुवचन /
madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the
Subject used is युस्मद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of second
person the kartaa is always युस्मद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्तमपुरुष एकवचन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्तमपुरुष वहुवचन / uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara are
given. You will know about many more nouns (शब्द / shabda) and verbs
(धातु / dhaatu) in those.
In the next chapter we will study आझयांलोट्लकार (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or verb-forms representing commands and requests.
The complete लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara of पठ् / paTh (read) and गम् / gam (go) धातु / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in भुतकाल (bhutakaala) or past tense.
| आङ्ग्लभाषा / English | संस्कृत / Sanskrit | Subject शब्द / shabda | Verb धातु / dhaatu | Comments |
| Past Tense - Third Person Singular भुतकाल प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन / bhutakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana | ||||
| 1. The boy was reading. | बालकः अपठत् baalakaH apaThat | बालक baalaka | पठ् paTh | - |
| 2. The girl was reading. | वालिका अपठत् vaalikaa apaThat | वालिका vaalikaa | पठ् paTh | - |
| 3. Rama was reading. | रामः अपठत् raamaH apaThat | राम raama | पठ् paTh | - |
| 4. Sita was reading. | सीता अपठत् siitaa apaThat | सीता siitaa | पठ् paTh | - |
| 5. The boy was going. | बालकः अगच्छत् baalakaH agachchhat | बालक baalaka | गम् gam | - |
| 6. The girl was going. | वालिका अगच्छत् vaalikaa agachchhat | वालिका vaalikaa | गम् gam | - |
| Past Tense - Third Person Plural भुतकाल प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / bhutakaala prathamapuruSha vahuvachana) | ||||
| 7. The boys were reading. | बालकाः अपठन् baalakaaH apaThan | बालक baalaka | पठ् paTh | - |
| 8. The girls were reading. | वालिकाः अपठन् vaalikaaH apaThan | वालिका vaalikaa | पठ् paTh | - |
| 9. Students were reading. | च्छात्राः अपठन् chchhaatraaH apaThan | च्छात्र chchhaatra | पठ् paTh | - |
| 10. Clearks were reading. | लिपिकाराः अपठन् lipikaaraaH apaThan | लिपिकार lipikaara | पठ् paTh | - |
| 11. The boys were going. | बालकाः अगच्छन् baalakaaH agachchhan | बालक baalaka | गम् gam | - |
| 12. The girls were going. | वालिकाः अगच्छन् vaalikaaH agachchhan | वालिका vaalikaa | गम् gam | - |
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (कर्ता / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana). Similarly the verb (पठन्ति / paThanti) is also in प्रथमपुरुष वहुवचन / prathamapuruSha vahuvachana of verb पठ् (paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमपुरुष / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमपुरुष / madhyamapuruSha) and first person (उत्तमपुरुष / uttamapuruSha).
| आङ्ग्लभाषा / English | संस्कृत / Sanskrit | Subject शब्द / shabda | Verb धातु / dhaatu | Comments |
| Past Tense - Second Person Singular भुतकाल मध्यमपुरुष एकवचन / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana | ||||
| 13. You were going. | त्वं अगच्छः tva.n agachchhaH | युस्मद् yusmad | गम् gam | - |
| 14. You were reading. | त्वं अपठः tva.n apaThaH | युस्मद् yusmad | पठ् paTh | - |
| Past Tense - First Person Singular भुतकाल उत्तमपुरुष एकवचन / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana | ||||
| 15. I was going. | अहं अगच्छम् aha.n agachchham | अस्मद् asmad | गम् gam | - |
| 16. I was reading. | अहं अपठम् aha.n apaTham | अस्मद् asmad | पठ् paTh | - |
| Past Tense - Second Person Plural भुतकाल मध्यमपुरुष वहुवचन / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha vahuvachana) | ||||
| 17. You all were going. | युयं अगच्छत yua.n agachchhata | युस्मद् yusmad | गम् gam | - |
| 18. You all were reading. | युयं अपठत yua.n apaThata | युस्मद् yusmad | पठ् paTh | - |
| Past Tense - First Person Plural भुतकाल उत्तमपुरुष वहुवचन / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha vahuvachana) | ||||
| 19. We all were going. | वयं अगच्छाम vaya.n agachchhaama | अस्मद् asmad | गम् gam | - |
| 20. We all were reading. | वयं अपठाम yua.n apaThaama | अस्मद् asmad | पठ् paTh | - |
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्तमपुरुष एकवचन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्तमपुरुष वहुवचन / uttamapuruSha vahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
| आङ्ग्लभाषा / English | संस्कृत / Sanskrit | Subject शब्द / shabda | Verb धातु / dhaatu | Comments |
| Past Tense - Dual भुतकाल द्विवचन / bhutakaala dvivachana) | ||||
| 21. Two boys were reading. | बालकौ अपठताम् baalakau apaThataam | बालक baalaka | पठ् paTh | - |
| 22. Two girls were reading. | वालिके अपठताम् vaalike apaThataam | वालिका vaalikaa | पठ् paTh | - |
| 23. Two boys were going. | बालकौ अपठताम् baalakau apaThataam | बालक baalaka | गम् gam | - |
| 24. Two girls were going. | वालिके अगच्छताम् vaalike agachchhataam | वालिका vaalikaa | गम् gam | - |
| 25. Two students were reading. | च्छात्रौ अपठताम् chchhatrau apaThataam | च्छात्र chchhaatra | पठ् paTh | - |
| 26. Two clearks were reading. | लिपिकारौ अपठताम् lipikaarau apaThataam | लिपिकार lipikaara | पठ् paTh | - |
| 27. Both of you were going. | युवां अगच्छतम् yuvaa.n agachchhatam | युस्मद् yusmad | गम् gam | - |
| 28. Both of you were reading. | युवां अपठतम् yuvaa.n apaThatam | युस्मद् yusmad | पठ् paTh | - |
| 29. Both of us were going. | आवां अगच्छाव aavaa.n agachchhaava | अस्मद् asmad | गम् gam | - |
| 30. Both of us were reading. | आवां अपठाव aavaa.n apaThaava | अस्मद् asmad | पठ् paTh | - |
In the next chapter we will study आझयांलोट्लकार (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or verb-forms representing commands and requests.
| Read / पठ् / paTh : लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara (Past tense / भुतकाल / bhutakaala) | |||
| Person / पुरुष / puruSha | Number / वचन / vachana | ||
| Singular एकवचन / ekavachana | Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana | Plural वहुवचन / vahuvachana | |
| Third प्रथम / prathama | अपठत् / apaThat | अपठताम् / apaThataam | अपठन् / apaThan |
| Second मध्यम / madhyama | अपठः / apaThaH | अपठतम् / apaThatam | अपठत / apaThata |
| First उत्तम / uttama | अपठम् / apaTham | अपठाव / apaThaava | अपठाम / apaThaama |
| Go / गम् / gam : लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara (Past tense / भुतकाल / bhutakaala) | |||
| Person / पुरुष / puruSha | Number / वचन / vachana | ||
| Singular एकवचन / ekavachana | Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana | Plural वहुवचन / vahuvachana | |
| Third प्रथम / prathama | अगच्छत् / agachchhat | अगच्छताम् / agachchhataam | अगच्छन् / agachchhan |
| Second मध्यम / madhyama | अगच्छः / agachchhaH | अगच्छतम् / agachchhatam | अगच्छत / agachchhata |
| First उत्तम / uttama | अगच्छम् / agachchham | अगच्छाव / agachchhaava | अगच्छाम / agachchhaama |
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